Blacks face a higher risk of kidney failure than whites, regardless of genetics
Over nearly 25 years of follow-up, blacks had a higher risk of hypertension, diabetes, and kidney failure than whites, after adjustments. Most blacks with gene variants that have been linked to kidney disease experienced kidney function decline similar to blacks without the variants. Ref. Source 2y.
Blacks have more exposure to air pollutants raising heart disease risk, death. Blacks often have higher exposures to air pollutants than whites, elevating their risk for developing heart disease and death. Air pollution is associated with elevated blood sugar, blood vessel dysfunction, heart disease and death. Source 6x.